Commercial Solar System Design

• Introduction to  solar system and Solar System Installation  
• PV Array and its types
• Mono Crystalline vs. poly Crystallthe ine
• Intro to PVSYST software 
• PV system major parts
• PV modules (groups of PV cells), which are commonly called PV panels
• Batteries
• Charge regulator or controller for a stand-alone system
• Inverter 
• Wiring
• Mounting hardware or a framework.
• Panel mountings and their types
• Rail-based mounting system.
• Ballasted mounting system.
• Anchored mounting system.
• Residential roof.
• Standing-seam mounting system:
• Corrugated roof mounting system.
• Fully-railed system or Shared-rail system.
• Rail-less mounting system.
• Pv system types
• Grid-tied system
• Grid-tied system with battery back-up
• Off-grid system
• Solar system installation considerations
• Load calculations
• Panel size calculations
• Battery types and size calculations
• Charge controller types and selection
• PWM vs MPPT controllers
• Inverter types and selection calculation
• Battery-based Inverter/Charger

Electricity from renewable energies is the trend. More and more people want to make their contribution to the energy transition and at the same time make themselves more independent from the major electricity providers. Rising electricity prices, climate change, environmental pollution: more and more people are relying on clean, ecologically sustainable energy sources such as the sun to generate electricity . The intalled capacity of photovoltaic systems is now more than 400 times as large as it was 20 years ago. At the end of 2020, around 2 million solar systems with a total output of 54 gigawatt peak generated around 10 percent of the electricity produced in  Germany (data: Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft eV). Experts anticipate that the expansion in the area of photovoltaic systems for private homes will pick up again significantly over the next two decades. As part of the targeted CO₂-free energy supply, the share of photovoltaics in electricity production will increase to around a third.

The difference between mono-crystalline and polycrystalline solar cells lies in the way they are manufactured. While the silicon for mono-crystalline cells is grown in a complex process the silicon for polycrystalline solar cells can be heated and poured into a shape. Solar modules with monocrystalline solar cells have a high efficiency of up to 22%. The efficiency of polycrystalline photovoltaic modules is up to 20%. Both cell types are suitable for all applications. However, if the space on the roof is limited, more energy can be generated with monocrystalline solar cells. Monocrystalline modules are more durable and, viewed in terms of their life cycle, more economical than polycrystalline modules. However, they are cheaper due to their simpler production.

A photovoltaic system generates electricity from Solar energy. The heart of the PV system are solar modules in which the solar cells are located. These cells, which are made up of semiconductor layers of different conductivity, convert the energy of the incident solar radiation into direct current. A single solar cell generates very little electricity; only by connecting a large number of cells to form modules and modules to form a system can use electricity yields be achieved. In order for solar power to be used by the devices in the household, it must be converted into an alternating current. This is the task of the inverter. The self-generated solar energy can be used directly in your own household. If there is no demand there, it can be fed into the public grid for a feed-in fee. If excess solar power is to be used at a different point in time,e.g. B. to be used at night or in bad weather, the system must be supplemented by power storage.

• High-quality photovoltaic modules ensure good yields
• Optimize performance with the right inverter
• No feed without changing the meter
• Firm hold of the substructure is crucial
• Cables as an important connection between components not 

On-grid and off-grid make it possible to differentiate between different photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic systems differ not only in terms of performance or location but also in terms of general functionality. Experts differentiate between the two terms on-grid and off-grid.

On-grid Solar system

The English term “grid” stands for network and, at least in this case, refers to the power grid. In the case of an on-grid system, the energy obtained is fed into the power grid and this is connected to the grid. Such a system generally requires an inverter that acts as a supplement to the solar generator. The additional component is necessary because alternating current flows in the public power grids, but the direct current is generated when it is generated with the help of a photovoltaic system. There are basically two different versions of the technical versions of the on-grid systems. The first version is used to supply the consumer in parallel with the public network. In this case, the production and use of the electricity take place promptly, this prevents, among other things, extensive transport losses of the energy.
Alternatively, an on-grid system is used, which supplies the consumer with energy as an alternative to the public grid. Although the photovoltaic system is also connected to the public grid in this case, the energy is primarily stored instead of being fed into the power grid. The advantage of such a system is primarily the very high security of supply. Accordingly, these are often used for protection, i.e. as a so-called backup system.

Off-grid Solar System

Such a photovoltaic system, also known as an island system, is not connected to the public power grid. A function is therefore only given with an additional energy store. This makes the application expensive and less stable. In the first years when photovoltaic systems came onto the market, the off-grid systems enjoyed great popularity and were used in many households. Comprehensive and professional planning of the photovoltaic system is necessary for a continuous and reliable supply of energy. The energy storage must be sufficiently dimensioned to secure the excess energy individually and at all times and to secure the power supply.

Over the years and due to the changing demands of users, the number of off-grid systems has continued to decline. These are now mainly used in special areas in which an alternative use in the form of an on-grid system is hardly possible. An off-grid photovoltaic system is used, for example, in mountain huts or in holiday homes.
A connection to the public power grid is difficult or simply not profitable due to the geographical location. Corresponding systems can still be found and used in many other areas, for example on boats or in mobile homes. Of course, a connection to the public power grid does not make much sense in such areas. In other countries, the prevalence looks much better, the off-grid systems are used in significantly more cases for independent power supply. These activities for example, as an energy source for water pumps or desalination plants. While the proportion is decreasing increasingly in Germany, it is increasing significantly in developing countries at the same time.

How big should my PV system be?

The design of a PV system depends on many factors. Important parameters are the household’s annual electricity consumption and the available roof area.

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